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Why is net zero and decarbonization so important?

The purpose of net zero emissions is to reduce our greenhouse gas (GHG) contribution to as close to zero as possible. From there, we can use offsets for what can¡¯t be removed. This includes the removal of all GHG emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gas emissions. Check out the quote from the United Nations:

¡°To keep global warming to no more than 1.5¡ãC¡ªas called for in the Paris Agreement¡ªemissions need to be reduced by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.¡±¡ªUnited Nations

Decarbonization is a critical strategy in combating climate change and achieving the emissions reductions targets set by our mining clients. It involves a multifaceted approach. This can include policy changes, technological innovations, and widespread adoption of sustainable practices.

Decarbonization is seen as the ¡°engine¡± that will pull other aspects of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) forward. Why? Because the pathway to those goals touch on all aspects of ESG. Issues such as water usage, inclusion and diversity, minimizing the impact on the environment, closure and reclamation, disclosure, and transparency are all parts of a decarbonization roadmap.

Key aspects of decarbonizing mining include:

• Energy audits: The audits will improve the efficiency of energy use in buildings, transportation, material handling, and processing. It helps reduce energy consumption and emissions.
• Electrification: Using electricity for some aspects of mining¡ªsuch as transportation, material movement, and heating¡ªcan reduce emissions. This is especially true if the electricity is produced from renewable sources instead of fossil fuels.
• Transition to clean energy: The transition includes shifting from fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas to cleaner and renewable energy sources. These include solar, wind, hydroelectric, small nuclear reactors, and geothermal power. This reduces CO2 emissions from power generation. We¡¯re seeing more companies install and use their own renewable energy sources every day, like BHP¡¯s solar project in Western Australia.
• Carbon capture, utilization, and storage: When we can¡¯t avoid carbon emissions, we turn to technologies that capture CO2 emissions from industrial processes and power plants. Then, it can be stored or repurposed. That way, the emissions are not released into the atmosphere.?
• Natural capital and Nature-based Solutions (NbS): Natural capital is the planet¡¯s stocks of water, land, air, and renewable and nonrenewable resources. NbS can help provide sustainable management and use natural features and processes to tackle climate change. One way we¡¯re seeing this in the mining industry is with mine closure and water management. When closing a mine, the best option might be a nature-based stream restoration.
• Circular economy: It¡¯s key to recycle and reuse materials to cut emissions that come from the production and disposal of goods. Whether we¡¯re upcycling, recycling, or reusing, there are many ways we can reconsider ¡°waste¡± in the mining industry. We¡¯re also seeing encouraging results from the growing field of reprocessing tailings.
• Behavioral changes: This is where everyone can help. Behavioral changes may include reduced meat consumption, increased use of public transportation, and reducing waste to lower personal carbon footprints. As consumers, we have an obligation to understand where and how our products are sourced. Some major companies, like Telsa and Apple, have invested in sourcing low-carbon metals. We¡¯ll likely see more low-carbon materials as consumers demand changes.

Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions in mining

What are Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions? This is how we categorize the different kinds of carbon emissions a mining company creates in its own operations and in its wider value chain. The term first appeared in the Green House Gas Protocol of 2001, and today the scopes are the basis for reporting GHG emissions.

Scope 1 emissions refer to direct GHG emissions. In mining, Scope 1 emissions typically come from mining operations and include:

• On-site fuel combustion: These are emissions from of the use of fossil fuels within the mining site. It can include diesel and gasoline used in mobile equipment, mobile pumps, mobile light plants, and vehicles.
• Blasting emissions: These come from the use of explosives in mining, which release gases and particulate matter.
• Process emissions: Chemical reactions or processes can create these emissions. They release GHGs, such as methane emissions from coal mining or smelting.

Mining companies have direct control over Scope 1 emissions and can reduce them. They may improve equipment efficiency, switch to cleaner fuels, or capture and reduce vented gases.

Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from generating the energy that a mining site uses. These emissions occur where the electricity or heat used at the mine is produced. The most common source is electricity consumption, which can be used for lighting, ventilation, and various processes.

Mining companies can reduce Scope 2 emissions by focusing on renewable energy use. They can also reduce their overall energy use.

Scope 3 emissions are a broader category of indirect emissions. In any industry, these can be the hardest to measure. In mining, they involve a wide range of activities and emissions sources that are indirectly related to the mining operation but occur outside of its direct control. These emissions include:

• Upstream emissions: These are emissions associated with the extraction, production, and transportation of raw materials, equipment, and fuels used in mining. This can include emissions from the mining company¡¯s supply chain. For example, Scope 3 upstream emissions for an open pit mine would be the emissions produced when manufacturing or transporting a haul truck that is used at the site.
• Downstream emissions: These result from the processing, use, and disposal of mined products. For instance, a coal mine site¡¯s Scope 3 emissions would come from the combustion of coal in power plants. As you might imagine, many mining companies have large Scope 3 downstream emissions and these can be tough to reduce.
• Transportation emissions: This comes from the transportation of mined products to market. It includes emissions from shipping, rail transport, and road transport.
• Land use changes: These emissions come from deforestation, habitat destruction, or changes in land use due to mining.
  
  

Addressing Scope 3 emissions often involves working with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders across the mining value chain. Reducing Scope 3 emissions is essential for a comprehensive approach to sustainability in mining. It¡¯s critical to reducing the industry¡¯s carbon footprint.

Most major mining companies have set net zero emissions targets for both Scope 1 and 2 emissions. These targets are critical to mining¡¯s continued role in the energy transition. However, Scope 3 emissions dwarf those of Scope 1 and 2 emissions for most miners. So, it¡¯s imperative that the mining industry works with upstream and downstream partners to reduce GHGs.

In September 2023, the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) published guidance to improve the mining industry¡¯s disclosure of Scope 3 emissions. It sets clear parameters for calculating emissions across the 15 categories of Scope 3 emissions in the GHG Protocol.

¡°Climate change is the key challenge of our generation. ICMM¡¯s Scope 3 Emissions Accounting and Reporting Guidance will help to improve the understanding of mining and metals companies¡¯ Scope 3 emissions profiles, as well as provide opportunities to accelerate emissions reduction.¡±¡ªJakob Stausholm, chief executive of Rio Tinto and chair of the ICMM Council¡¯s Climate Change Advisory Group

This is an important step for the mining industry to ensure that it is a responsible partner in the energy transition and that it is doing its part for a net zero future.

We can¡¯t wait to decarbonize

The impacts of climate change that we¡¯ve seen around the globe are a glaring signal that the time for incremental changes is over. It¡¯s clear that immediate and drastic action toward a net zero future is necessary. And it¡¯s equally clear that this future is not possible without mining.

The silver lining? There is an opportunity for the mining industry to be a leader in innovation and emissions reductions. Every day, we¡¯re seeing new strides in mining operations, providing more opportunities for mine owners to help the world meet its climate goals. The time to act is now. And we can¡¯t wait to decarbonize mining.